Fundamentals of Surveying (FS) Practice Exam

What type of error results from consistent deviations from the true value in measurements?

1. Random error

2. Systematic error

3. Blunder

4. Instrument error

The correct answer is: Systematic error

Systematic error arises when there are consistent and predictable deviations from the true value in measurements. These errors can be traced to factors such as instrument calibration, environmental conditions, or procedural flaws, leading to a consistent bias in the results. For example, if a measuring instrument is improperly calibrated, all measurements taken with that instrument will consistently yield values that deviate from the true value in the same direction. Recognizing systematic errors is crucial in surveying because they can distort results and lead to misunderstandings if not accounted for. Unlike random errors, which are erratic and can occur in any direction without a predictable pattern, systematic errors require a thorough investigation of the underlying causes to mitigate their impact. Blunders refer to mistakes made during observation or measurement processes, often caused by human error, and are typically irregular. Instrument error refers specifically to inaccuracies inherent in the measuring tools. Random error, by nature, is unpredictable and varies in magnitude and direction with each measurement, which differs fundamentally from the consistent nature of systematic error. Thus, systematic error is the best choice, as it directly describes the scenario of consistent deviation from the true value.